-
1 open
'əupən 1. adjective1) (not shut, allowing entry or exit: an open box; The gate is wide open.) åpen2) (allowing the inside to be seen: an open book.) åpen, oppslått3) (ready for business etc: The shop is open on Sunday afternoons; After the fog had cleared, the airport was soon open again; The gardens are open to the public.) åpen4) (not kept secret: an open show of affection.) åpenlys, utilslørt, offentlig5) (frank: He was very open with me about his work.) åpenhjertig, frimodig6) (still being considered etc: Leave the matter open.) åpen, uavklart7) (empty, with no trees, buildings etc: I like to be out in the open country; an open space.) i det fri, under åpen himmel2. verb1) (to make or become open: He opened the door; The door opened; The new shop opened last week.) åpne, lukke opp2) (to begin: He opened the meeting with a speech of welcome.) åpne, innlede•- opener- opening
- openly
- open-air
- open-minded
- open-plan
- be an open secret
- bring something out into the open
- bring out into the open
- in the open
- in the open air
- keep/have an open mind
- open on to
- the open sea
- open to
- open up
- with open armsfriIsubst. \/ˈəʊp(ə)n\/1) åpning, åpent sted2) ( handel) åpent markedcome (out) into the open komme ut, bli offentlig, bli kjent, komme for en dag snakke åpent, være åpenhjertigGod's great Open Guds frie naturin the open i friluft, i det fri under åpen himmel åpenlys, offentligåpent lende, åpent terrengåpen sjø (havet)IIverb \/ˈəʊp(ə)n\/1) åpne2) åpne, skjære opp3) rydde, pløye, hakke4) åpne, gjøre tilgjengelig5) begynne, sette i gang, innlede, innvie6) åpne, åpenbare, avsløre7) ( sjøfart) få i sikte, komme i sikte, bli synlig, komme til syne8) åpnes, åpne seg, gå opp9) ( botanikk) åpne seg, slå ut, springe utopen into føre inn til, lede inn til, vende inn motde to rommene har forbindelse med hverandre \/ det er dør mellom de to rommeneopen on to vende ut mot, ha utsikt motopen out bringe for dagen, komme ut medåpne, folde ut, brette ututvikle, utvikle seg gi full gass åpne seg, åpenbare seg, bre seg ut, utfolde seg, utvide seguttale seg, åpne seg, tale frittopen up åpne ild åpne seg, tale åpent åpenbare seg gi full gass åpne, skjære opprydde, pløye, hakkeIIIadj. \/ˈəʊp(ə)n\/1) åpen2) åpen, tilgjengelig3) fri4) fri, ubegrenset, uhindret5) åpen, uavgjort, uviss, diskutabel6) åpenhjertig, oppriktig7) frimodig, uforbeholden8) åpen, mottakelig9) ledig, ikke opptatt10) åpen, åpenlys11) offentlig14) åpen, isfri• finally, they found an open harbourtil slutt fant de en isfri\/åpen havn16) ( språkvitenskap) åpenopen to tilgjengelig for, åpen for, tillatt forto veier står åpne for deg åpen for, mottakelig for, villig til å lytte til• I will not name a price, but I am open to offersjeg nevner ingen pris, men jeg er åpen for anbudutsatt for, underkastetopen with åpenhjertig mot -
2 Lawrence, Richard Smith
SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour[br]b. 22 November 1817 Chester, Vermont, USAd. 10 March 1892 Hartford, Connecticut, USA[br]American gunsmith and inventor.[br]Richard S.Lawrence received only an elementary education and as a young man worked on local farms and later in a woodworking shop. His work there included making carpenters' and joiners' tools and he spent some of his spare time in a local gunsmith's shop. After a brief period of service in the Army, he obtained employment in 1838 with N.Kendall \& Co. of Windsor, Vermont, making guns at the Windsor prison. Within six months he was put in charge of the work, continuing in this position until 1842 when the gun-making ceased; he remained at the prison for a time in charge of the carriage shop. In 1843 he opened a gun shop in Windsor in partnership with Kendall, and the next year S.E. Robbins, a businessman, helped them obtain a contract from the Federal Government for 10,000 rifles. A new company, Robbins, Kendall \& Lawrence, was formed and a factory was built at Windsor. Three years later Kendall's share of the business was purchased by his partners and the firm became Robbins \& Lawrence. Lawrence supervised the design and production and, to improve methods of manufacture, developed new machine tools with the aid of F.W. Howe. In 1850 Lawrence introduced the lubrication of bullets, which practice ensured the success of the breech-loading rifle. Also in 1850, the company undertook to manufacture railway cars, but this involved them in a considerable financial loss. The company took to the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London, England, a set of rifles built on the interchangeable system. The interest this created resulted in a visit of some members of the British Royal Small Arms Commission to America and subsequently an order for 150 machine tools, jigs and fixtures from Robbins \& Lawrence, to be installed at the small-arms factory at Enfield. In 1852 the company contracted to manufacture Sharps rifles and carbines at a new factory to be built at Hartford, Connecticut. Lawrence moved to Hartford in 1853 to superintend the building and equipment of the plant. Shortly afterwards, however, a promised order for a large number of rifles failed to materialize and, following its earlier financial difficulties, Robbins \& Lawrence was forced into bankruptcy. The Hartford plant was acquired by the Sharps Rifle Company in 1856 and Lawrence remained there as Superintendent until 1872. From then he was for many years Superintendent of Streets in the city of Hartford and he also served on the Water Board, the Board of Aldermen and as Chairman of the Fire Board.[br]Further ReadingJ.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven; repub. 1926, New York; and 1987, Bradley, Ill. (provides biographical information and includes in an Appendix (pp. 281–94) autobiographical notes written by Richard S.Lawrence in 1890).Merritt Roe Smith, 1974, "The American Precision Museum", Technology and Culture 15 (3): 413–37 (for information on Robbins \& Lawrence and products).RTSBiographical history of technology > Lawrence, Richard Smith
-
3 Stephenson, George
[br]b. 9 June 1781 Wylam, Northumberland, Englandd. 12 August 1848 Tapton House, Chesterfield, England[br]English engineer, "the father of railways".[br]George Stephenson was the son of the fireman of the pumping engine at Wylam colliery, and horses drew wagons of coal along the wooden rails of the Wylam wagonway past the house in which he was born and spent his earliest childhood. While still a child he worked as a cowherd, but soon moved to working at coal pits. At 17 years of age he showed sufficient mechanical talent to be placed in charge of a new pumping engine, and had already achieved a job more responsible than that of his father. Despite his position he was still illiterate, although he subsequently learned to read and write. He was largely self-educated.In 1801 he was appointed Brakesman of the winding engine at Black Callerton pit, with responsibility for lowering the miners safely to their work. Then, about two years later, he became Brakesman of a new winding engine erected by Robert Hawthorn at Willington Quay on the Tyne. Returning collier brigs discharged ballast into wagons and the engine drew the wagons up an inclined plane to the top of "Ballast Hill" for their contents to be tipped; this was one of the earliest applications of steam power to transport, other than experimentally.In 1804 Stephenson moved to West Moor pit, Killingworth, again as Brakesman. In 1811 he demonstrated his mechanical skill by successfully modifying a new and unsatisfactory atmospheric engine, a task that had defeated the efforts of others, to enable it to pump a drowned pit clear of water. The following year he was appointed Enginewright at Killingworth, in charge of the machinery in all the collieries of the "Grand Allies", the prominent coal-owning families of Wortley, Liddell and Bowes, with authorization also to work for others. He built many stationary engines and he closely examined locomotives of John Blenkinsop's type on the Kenton \& Coxlodge wagonway, as well as those of William Hedley at Wylam.It was in 1813 that Sir Thomas Liddell requested George Stephenson to build a steam locomotive for the Killingworth wagonway: Blucher made its first trial run on 25 July 1814 and was based on Blenkinsop's locomotives, although it lacked their rack-and-pinion drive. George Stephenson is credited with building the first locomotive both to run on edge rails and be driven by adhesion, an arrangement that has been the conventional one ever since. Yet Blucher was far from perfect and over the next few years, while other engineers ignored the steam locomotive, Stephenson built a succession of them, each an improvement on the last.During this period many lives were lost in coalmines from explosions of gas ignited by miners' lamps. By observation and experiment (sometimes at great personal risk) Stephenson invented a satisfactory safety lamp, working independently of the noted scientist Sir Humphry Davy who also invented such a lamp around the same time.In 1817 George Stephenson designed his first locomotive for an outside customer, the Kilmarnock \& Troon Railway, and in 1819 he laid out the Hetton Colliery Railway in County Durham, for which his brother Robert was Resident Engineer. This was the first railway to be worked entirely without animal traction: it used inclined planes with stationary engines, self-acting inclined planes powered by gravity, and locomotives.On 19 April 1821 Stephenson was introduced to Edward Pease, one of the main promoters of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway (S \& DR), which by coincidence received its Act of Parliament the same day. George Stephenson carried out a further survey, to improve the proposed line, and in this he was assisted by his 18-year-old son, Robert Stephenson, whom he had ensured received the theoretical education which he himself lacked. It is doubtful whether either could have succeeded without the other; together they were to make the steam railway practicable.At George Stephenson's instance, much of the S \& DR was laid with wrought-iron rails recently developed by John Birkinshaw at Bedlington Ironworks, Morpeth. These were longer than cast-iron rails and were not brittle: they made a track well suited for locomotives. In June 1823 George and Robert Stephenson, with other partners, founded a firm in Newcastle upon Tyne to build locomotives and rolling stock and to do general engineering work: after its Managing Partner, the firm was called Robert Stephenson \& Co.In 1824 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) invited George Stephenson to resurvey their proposed line in order to reduce opposition to it. William James, a wealthy land agent who had become a visionary protagonist of a national railway network and had seen Stephenson's locomotives at Killingworth, had promoted the L \& MR with some merchants of Liverpool and had carried out the first survey; however, he overreached himself in business and, shortly after the invitation to Stephenson, became bankrupt. In his own survey, however, George Stephenson lacked the assistance of his son Robert, who had left for South America, and he delegated much of the detailed work to incompetent assistants. During a devastating Parliamentary examination in the spring of 1825, much of his survey was shown to be seriously inaccurate and the L \& MR's application for an Act of Parliament was refused. The railway's promoters discharged Stephenson and had their line surveyed yet again, by C.B. Vignoles.The Stockton \& Darlington Railway was, however, triumphantly opened in the presence of vast crowds in September 1825, with Stephenson himself driving the locomotive Locomotion, which had been built at Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s Newcastle works. Once the railway was at work, horse-drawn and gravity-powered traffic shared the line with locomotives: in 1828 Stephenson invented the horse dandy, a wagon at the back of a train in which a horse could travel over the gravity-operated stretches, instead of trotting behind.Meanwhile, in May 1826, the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway had successfully obtained its Act of Parliament. Stephenson was appointed Engineer in June, and since he and Vignoles proved incompatible the latter left early in 1827. The railway was built by Stephenson and his staff, using direct labour. A considerable controversy arose c. 1828 over the motive power to be used: the traffic anticipated was too great for horses, but the performance of the reciprocal system of cable haulage developed by Benjamin Thompson appeared in many respects superior to that of contemporary locomotives. The company instituted a prize competition for a better locomotive and the Rainhill Trials were held in October 1829.Robert Stephenson had been working on improved locomotive designs since his return from America in 1827, but it was the L \& MR's Treasurer, Henry Booth, who suggested the multi-tubular boiler to George Stephenson. This was incorporated into a locomotive built by Robert Stephenson for the trials: Rocket was entered by the three men in partnership. The other principal entrants were Novelty, entered by John Braithwaite and John Ericsson, and Sans Pareil, entered by Timothy Hackworth, but only Rocket, driven by George Stephenson, met all the organizers' demands; indeed, it far surpassed them and demonstrated the practicability of the long-distance steam railway. With the opening of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in 1830, the age of railways began.Stephenson was active in many aspects. He advised on the construction of the Belgian State Railway, of which the Brussels-Malines section, opened in 1835, was the first all-steam railway on the European continent. In England, proposals to link the L \& MR with the Midlands had culminated in an Act of Parliament for the Grand Junction Railway in 1833: this was to run from Warrington, which was already linked to the L \& MR, to Birmingham. George Stephenson had been in charge of the surveys, and for the railway's construction he and J.U. Rastrick were initially Principal Engineers, with Stephenson's former pupil Joseph Locke under them; by 1835 both Stephenson and Rastrick had withdrawn and Locke was Engineer-in-Chief. Stephenson remained much in demand elsewhere: he was particularly associated with the construction of the North Midland Railway (Derby to Leeds) and related lines. He was active in many other places and carried out, for instance, preliminary surveys for the Chester \& Holyhead and Newcastle \& Berwick Railways, which were important links in the lines of communication between London and, respectively, Dublin and Edinburgh.He eventually retired to Tapton House, Chesterfield, overlooking the North Midland. A man who was self-made (with great success) against colossal odds, he was ever reluctant, regrettably, to give others their due credit, although in retirement, immensely wealthy and full of honour, he was still able to mingle with people of all ranks.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, on its formation in 1847. Order of Leopold (Belgium) 1835. Stephenson refused both a knighthood and Fellowship of the Royal Society.Bibliography1815, jointly with Ralph Dodd, British patent no. 3,887 (locomotive drive by connecting rods directly to the wheels).1817, jointly with William Losh, British patent no. 4,067 (steam springs for locomotives, and improvements to track).Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, Longman (the best modern biography; includes a bibliography).S.Smiles, 1874, The Lives of George and Robert Stephenson, rev. edn, London (although sycophantic, this is probably the best nineteenthcentury biography).PJGR -
4 Vignoles, Charles Blacker
[br]b. 31 May 1793 Woodbrook, Co. Wexford, Irelandd. 17 November 1875 Hythe, Hampshire, England[br]English surveyor and civil engineer, pioneer of railways.[br]Vignoles, who was of Huguenot descent, was orphaned in infancy and brought up in the family of his grandfather, Dr Charles Hutton FRS, Professor of Mathematics at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. After service in the Army he travelled to America, arriving in South Carolina in 1817. He was appointed Assistant to the state's Civil Engineer and surveyed much of South Carolina and subsequently Florida. After his return to England in 1823 he established himself as a civil engineer in London, and obtained work from the brothers George and John Rennie.In 1825 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) lost their application for an Act of Parliament, discharged their engineer George Stephenson and appointed the Rennie brothers in his place. They in turn employed Vignoles to resurvey the railway, taking a route that would minimize objections. With Vignoles's route, the company obtained its Act in 1826 and appointed Vignoles to supervise the start of construction. After Stephenson was reappointed Chief Engineer, however, he and Vignoles proved incompatible, with the result that Vignoles left the L \& MR early in 1827.Nevertheless, Vignoles did not sever all connection with the L \& MR. He supported John Braithwaite and John Ericsson in the construction of the locomotive Novelty and was present when it competed in the Rainhill Trials in 1829. He attended the opening of the L \& MR in 1830 and was appointed Engineer to two railways which connected with it, the St Helens \& Runcorn Gap and the Wigan Branch (later extended to Preston as the North Union); he supervised the construction of these.After the death of the Engineer to the Dublin \& Kingstown Railway, Vignoles supervised construction: the railway, the first in Ireland, was opened in 1834. He was subsequently employed in surveying and constructing many railways in the British Isles and on the European continent; these included the Eastern Counties, the Midland Counties, the Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyme \& Manchester (which proved for him a financial disaster from which he took many years to recover), and the Waterford \& Limerick. He probably discussed rail of flat-bottom section with R.L. Stevens during the winter of 1830–1 and brought it into use in the UK for the first time in 1836 on the London \& Croydon Railway: subsequently rail of this section became known as "Vignoles rail". He considered that a broader gauge than 4 ft 8½ in. (1.44 m) was desirable for railways, although most of those he built were to this gauge so that they might connect with others. He supported the atmospheric system of propulsion during the 1840s and was instrumental in its early installation on the Dublin \& Kingstown Railway's Dalkey extension. Between 1847 and 1853 he designed and built the noted multi-span suspension bridge at Kiev, Russia, over the River Dnieper, which is more than half a mile (800 m) wide at that point.Between 1857 and 1863 he surveyed and then supervised the construction of the 155- mile (250 km) Tudela \& Bilbao Railway, which crosses the Cantabrian Pyrenees at an altitude of 2,163 ft (659 m) above sea level. Vignoles outlived his most famous contemporaries to become the grand old man of his profession.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFellow of the Royal Astronomical Society 1829. FRS 1855. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1869–70.Bibliography1830, jointly with John Ericsson, British patent no. 5,995 (a device to increase the capability of steam locomotives on grades, in which rollers gripped a third rail).1823, Observations upon the Floridas, New York: Bliss \& White.1870, Address on His Election as President of the Institution of Civil Engineers.Further ReadingK.H.Vignoles, 1982, Charles Blacker Vignoles: Romantic Engineer, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (good modern biography by his great-grandson).See also: Samuda, Joseph d'AguilarPJGRBiographical history of technology > Vignoles, Charles Blacker
-
5 Massey, Daniel
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1798 Vermont, USAd. 1856 Canada[br]American agricultural machinery manufacturer and co-founder of the Massey Harris Company (now Massey Ferguson).[br]In about 1800 Daniel Massey's family moved to Upper Canada. At the age of 6 he was sent back to stay with his grandparents in Waterton, USA, where he attended school for three years. He returned to his parents in 1807, and for the next twelve years he remained on his father's farm.At the age of 19 he forfeited his rights to his inheritance and rented land further west, which he began to clear. By the age of 21 he owned 200 acres, and during the next twelve years he bought, cleared and sold a further 1,200 acres. In 1820 he married Lucina Bradley from Water-town and returned with her to Canada.In 1830 he decided to settle down to farming and brought one of the first US threshing machines into Canada. From frequent visits to his family in the US he would return with new farm equipment, and in 1844 he handed his farm over to his eldest son so that he could concentrate on the development of his farm workshop. In 1845 he formed a brief partnership with R.F.Vaughan, who owned a small factory in Durham County near Lake Ontario. He began the production of ploughs, harrows, scufflers and rollers at a time when the Canadian Government was imposing heavy import duties on agricultural equipment being brought in from the USA. His business flourished and within six months he bought out his partner.In 1848 he bought another foundry in Newcastle, together with 50 acres of land, and in 1851 his son Hart joined him in the business. The following year Hart returned from the USA with the sole rights to manufacture the Ketchum mower and the Burrell reaper.The advent of the railway four years later opened up wider markets, and from these beginnings the Massey Company was to represent Canada at the Paris Exhibition of 1867. The European market was secured by the successes of the Massey reaper in the "World" trials held in France in 1889. Two years later the company merged with the Harris Company of Canada, to become the Massey Harris Company. Daniel Massey retired from the company four years after his son joined it, and he died the following year.[br]Further ReadingGraeme Quick and Wesley Buchele, 1978, The Grain Harvesters, American Society of Agricultural Engineers (gives an account of harvest machinery development, in which Massey Harris played a vital role).Merrill Denison, 1949, Harvest Triumphant: The Story of Massey Harris, London.AP -
6 Outram, Benjamin
[br]b. 1 April 1764 Alfreton, Englandd. 22 May 1805 London, England[br]English ironmaster and engineer of canals and tramroads, protagonist of angled plate rails in place of edge rails.[br]Outram's father was one of the principal promoters of the Cromford Canal, Derbyshire, and Benjamin Outram became Assistant to the canal's Engineer, William Jessop. In 1789 Outram was appointed Superintendent in charge of construction, and his responsibilities included the 2,978 yd (2,723 m) Butterley Tunnel; while the tunnel was being driven, coal and iron ore were encountered. Outram and a partner purchased the Butterley Hall estate above the tunnel and formed Outram \& Co. to exploit the coal and iron: a wide length of the tunnel beneath the company's furnace was linked to the surface by shafts to become in effect an underground wharf. Jessop soon joined the company, which grew and prospered to eventually become the long-lived Butterley Company.As a canal engineer, Outram's subsequent projects included the Derby, Huddersfield Narrow and Peak Forest Canals. On the Derby Canal he built a small iron aqueduct, which though designed later than the Longdon Aqueduct of Thomas Telford was opened earlier, in 1796, to become the first iron aqueduct.It is as a tramroad engineer that Outram is best known. In 1793 he completed a mile-long (1.6 km) tramroad from Outram \& Co.'s limestone quarry at Crich to the Cromford Canal, for which he used plate rails of the type recently developed by John Curr. He was, however, able to use a wider gauge—3 ft 6 in. (1.07 m) between the flanges—and larger wagons than Curr had been able to use underground in mines. It appears to have been Outram's idea to mount the rails on stone blocks, rather than wooden sleepers.Outram then engineered tramroads to extend the lines of the Derby and Peak Forest Canals. He encouraged construction of such tramroads in many parts of Britain, often as feeders of traffic to canals. He acted as Engineer, and his company often provided the rails and sometimes undertook the entire construction of a line. Foreseeing that lines would be linked together, he recommended a gauge of 4 ft 2 in. (1.27 m) between the flanges as standard, and for twenty years or so Outram's plateways, with horses or gravity as motive power, became the usual form of construction for new railways. However, experience then showed that edge rails, weight for weight, could carry greater load, and were indeed almost essential for the introduction of steam locomotives.[br]Further ReadingR.B.Schofield, 1986, "The design and construction of the Cromford Canal, 1788–1794", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 57 (provides good coverage of Outram's early career).P.J.Riden, 1973, The Butterley Company and railway construction, 1790–1830', Transport History 6(1) (covers Outram's development of tramroads).R.A.Mott, 1969, Tramroads of the eighteenth century and their originator: John Curr', Transactions of the Newcomen Society 42."Dowie" (A.R.Cowlishaw, J.H.Price and R.G.P. Tebb), 1971, The Crich Mineral Railways, Crich: Tramway Publications.PJGR -
7 Betrieb
Betrieb m 1. COMP mode; 2. GEN concern, business, workplace, operation (Firma); 3. IND factory, works (Fabrik); operation (von Maschine); 4. PERS place of work, establishment, workplace (Arbeitsstelle) • außer Betrieb GEN out of order, out of action • außer Betrieb sein WIWI be down • außer Betrieb setzen GEN put out of action • Betrieb gründen GEN set up a business, start a (new) business, set up a new business, (infrml) set up shop • im Betrieb IND, PERS on the shop floor • im Betrieb sein GEN be at work • in Betrieb COMP, IND busy (Maschine) • in Betrieb gehen IND go into operation, come on stream • in Betrieb nehmen IND start up • in Betrieb sein IND be on stream, be in operation • in Betrieb setzen IND activate • viel Betrieb haben GEN be very busy* * *m 1. < Comp> mode; 2. < Geschäft> Firma concern, business, workplace, operation; 3. < Ind> Fabrik factory, works, von Maschine operation; 4. < Person> Arbeitsstelle place of work, establishment, workplace ■ außer Betrieb < Geschäft> out of order, out of action ■ außer Betrieb sein <Vw> be down ■ im Betrieb <Ind, Person> on the shop floor ■ im Betrieb sein < Geschäft> be at work ■ in Betrieb <Comp, Ind> Maschine busy ■ in Betrieb gehen < Ind> go into operation, come on stream ■ in Betrieb nehmen < Ind> start up ■ in Betrieb sein < Ind> be on stream, be in operation ■ in Betrieb setzen < Ind> activate* * *Betrieb
(Arbeitsgang) service, (Betreiben) working, running, operating, operation (US), (Betriebsanlage) factory, [manufacturing] plant, works, mill (Br.), (Geschäftsführung) management, (Herstellungsgang) manufacture, (Transport) service, (Unternehmen) firm, business [enterprise], commercial undertaking (establishment), [industrial] concern, company, corporation, (Werkstatt) workshop, shop (Br.);
• außer Betrieb standing idle, out [of commission], (Bahn) out of service (action), (el.) off, (Fahrstuhl) not working, out of order, (Hotel) not opening, (Maschine) out of blast (gear), idle, not operating, (nicht in Ordnung) out of order, disabled, not working, defunct;
• für mehrere Betriebe arbeitend consolidated (US);
• im Betrieb on the shop-floor;
• nicht im Betrieb inoperative, non-operating, (Fabrik) standing;
• im Betrieb stehen gelassen (Gewinn) retained in business;
• in Betrieb operating, operative, in operation, in blast, at work, working, going, running;
• in vollem Betrieb in full working order, in operation (action), going at full blast;
• arbeitender Betrieb going business (concern), operating property (US);
• billig arbeitender Betrieb low-cost plant;
• kostendeckend arbeitender Betrieb break-even company;
• für den Staat arbeitender Betrieb government client;
• bestreikter Betrieb struck shop;
• dezentralisierter Betrieb departmentalized business (factory) (US);
• durcharbeitender Betrieb all-night service, (ganze Woche) seven-day operation;
• durchgehender Betrieb continuous process, continuity of operations;
• Ein-Mann-Betrieb one-man business;
• einschichtiger Betrieb single-shift operation;
• einträglicher Betrieb profitable enterprise;
• an der Baustelle errichteter Betrieb on-site factory;
• erstklassiger Betrieb top plant;
• fahrplanmäßiger Betrieb scheduled operation (US);
• familienfreundlicher Betrieb family-friendly company;
• Fisch verarbeitender Betrieb fish-processing plant;
• forstwirtschaftlicher Betrieb forestry industry (company);
• an Preisabsprachen nicht gebundener Betrieb outsider;
• gefährlicher Betrieb dangerous premises;
• wissenschaftlich geführter Betrieb scientific management;
• gut gehender Betrieb prosperous enterprise;
• gemeinnütziger Betrieb non-profit enterprise, public service company (Br.) (corporation, US);
• gemeinsamer Betrieb joint working;
• genossenschaftlicher Betrieb cooperative enterprise;
• auf Gewinn gerichteter Betrieb profit-seeking enterprise;
• gesundheitsschädlicher Betrieb offensive trade;
• gewerbepolizeipflichtiger Betrieb trade subject to licence;
• gewerblicher Betrieb industrial enterprise, manufacturing establishment;
• gewerkschaftspflichtiger Betrieb closed (union) shop, agency shop (Br.);
• staatlich genehmigter gewerkschaftspflichtiger Betrieb approved closed shop (Br.);
• grafischer Betrieb commercial art company, printing establishment;
• halbautomatischer Betrieb semi-automatic working;
• handwerklicher Betrieb handicraft;
• industrieller Betrieb industrial enterprise;
• kapitalintensiver Betrieb high-cost plant;
• kriegswichtiger Betrieb essential industry;
• landwirtschaftlicher Betrieb agricultural enterprise (undertaking), ranch, farm;
• nicht landwirtschaftlicher Betrieb non-agricultural enterprise (establishment);
• laufender Betrieb going concern, current operation;
• auf Hochturen laufender Betrieb drive;
• reibungslos laufender Betrieb smooth-running entity;
• lebenswichtige Betrieb key industries, (Versorgung) public utilities;
• lebhafter Betrieb brisk state of trade;
• Milch verarbeitender Betrieb milk-processing enterprise;
• mittelgroßer (mittlerer) Betrieb medium-sized enterprise (business, US), small business (US);
• öffentlicher Betrieb public enterprise;
• ökologischer Betrieb organic farm;
• produzierender Betrieb production unit;
• rentabler (rentierlicher) Betrieb profitable enterprise (business), economic operation;
• sparsamer Betrieb economical operation;
• staatlicher (staatseigener) Betrieb state-owned enterprise (US);
• staatlich subventionierter Betrieb taxeater;
• im Gemeineigentum stehender Betrieb publicly-owned enterprise;
• stillgelegter Betrieb non-factory, mill out of work (Br.), nonoperating property (factory) (US);
• störungsfreier Betrieb uninterrupted operation;
• volkseigener Betrieb nationalized (Br.) (socialized) enterprise;
• rationell wirtschaftender Betrieb efficiently-run enterprise;
• wirtschaftlicher Betrieb economic operation;
• Betrieb mit Akkordsystem contract shop (US);
• Betrieb eines Berkwerkes exploitation of a mine;
• Betrieb einer Eisenbahnlinie operation of a railway (railroad, US) line;
• Betrieb mit übertariflicher Gehaltsskala high-paying outsider;
• Betrieb eines Geschäftes operation of a business;
• Betrieb an der Grenze der Rentabilität marginal producer (firm);
• Betrieb der öffentlichen Hand government (state) enterprise;
• Betrieb mit begrenzter Kapazität limited-capacity plant;
• Betrieb eines Ladengeschäfts shopkeeping;
• Betrieb mit geringem Lohnniveau low-wage unit;
• Betrieb mit betriebseigenen Programmierern (Computer) open shop;
• Betrieb eines Schiffes operation of a ship;
• Betrieb mit Staatsaufträgen government contractor;
• Betrieb eines Unternehmens working of a business;
• staatlicher Betrieb von Wirtschaftsunternehmen operation of business;
• Betrieb aufnehmen to begin working, to start running, (Geschäft) to open;
• Betrieb wieder aufnehmen to resume work (one’s activity);
• Betrieb ausdehnen to expand operations;
• Betrieb neu ausstatten to equip a shop with new tools;
• Betrieb zum Erfolg bringen to work up a business;
• ganzen Betrieb kostenmäßig durchforsten to cut costs throughout a company;
• Betrieb einstellen to stop a factory (business), to cease (suspend) operations (working), to shut down, (Bahn) to close a line;
• Betrieb vorübergehend einstellen to close down temporarily;
• Betrieb eröffnen to commence business;
• Betrieb eingestellt haben to have ceased running;
• in Betrieb halten to keep running (working);
• Betrieb aus den roten Zahlen herausbringen to administer a company from red to black (US coll.);
• Betrieb installieren to equip a shop with tools;
• Betrieb anlaufen lassen to put in (go into) operation, to begin working;
• Betrieb Fett ansetzen lassen to beef up a plant (sl.);
• Fabrik in Betrieb setzen lassen to give orders for the work to be started;
• Betrieb leiten to manage a business, (Werk) to run a plant;
• in Betrieb nehmen to set going, to set (put) into operation, to operate;
• automatisch in Betrieb nehmen (el.) to press the button;
• Bus in Betrieb nehmen to put a bus on the road;
• Betrieb schließen to close down;
• Betrieb infolge von Sparsamkeitsmaßnahmen schließen to close its doors for reasons of economy;
• Betrieb vorübergehend schließen to close temporarily;
• außer Betrieb sein (Fabrik) to be out of operation, (Maschine) to run idle, (Rundfunkstation) to be off the air;
• billig im Betrieb sein (Auto) to be run at small cost;
• in Betrieb sein (Bahnlinie) to be in operation (running), (Fabrik) to work, to be in operation, (Maschine) to run, to be operating, to be worked, (Bus) to be on the road, (Rundfunkstation) to be on the air;
• durchgehend in Betrieb sein to run full time;
• das ganze Jahr in Betrieb sein (Auto) to be in commission all the year round;
• nicht in Betrieb sein to be out of work (at a standstill);
• ständig in Betrieb sein to run full time;
• in vollem Betrieb sein to be going at full blast;
• wieder in Betrieb sein (Hotel) to be running (working) again;
• aus dem Betrieb gezogen sein (Auto) to be of service;
• Anlage außer Betrieb setzen to discard an asset;
• Bahnlinie außer Betrieb setzen to close a line;
• in Betrieb setzen to put (set) into operation (action), to start [running (working)], to set to work, to prime;
• wieder in Betrieb setzen to reopen, to restart;
• Eisenbahnstrecke in Betrieb setzen to open a railway line;
• Betrieb stilllegen to close down;
• Betrieb völlig umkrempeln to turn around a company;
• auf elektrischen Betrieb umstellen (Bahn) to electrify;
• Betrieb völlig auf Produkte für den Wohnungs- und Straßenbau umstellen to aim a company at totally environmental products;
• seinen Betrieb vergrößern to enlarge one’s business;
• Betrieb verlagern (verlegen) to move a plant to another locality, to relocate a plant;
• Betrieb in Vorstadtgebiete verlagern to go suburban;
• Betrieb in stark verkleinertem Umfang weiterführen to operate on a drastically reduced scale;
• in Betrieb genommen werden to go into operation, (Bahnlinie, Straße) to be opened to traffic;
• aus dem Betrieb ziehen to take out of service;
• Flugzeug aus dem Betrieb ziehen to ground a plane;
• Bus aus dem Betrieb ziehen to take a bus off the road.
durchforsten, Betrieb
to weed the garden;
• Regierungsstelle zwecks Einsparungen gründlich durchforsten to comb out a government department. -
8 Telford, Thomas
[br]b. 9 August 1757 Glendinning, Dumfriesshire, Scotlandd. 2 September 1834 London, England.[br]Scottish civil engineer.[br]Telford was the son of a shepherd, who died when the boy was in his first year. Brought up by his mother, Janet Jackson, he attended the parish school at Westerkirk. He was apprenticed to a stonemason in Lochmaben and to another in Langholm. In 1780 he walked from Eskdale to Edinburgh and in 1872 rode to London on a horse that he was to deliver there. He worked for Sir William Chambers as a mason on Somerset House, then on the Eskdale house of Sir James Johnstone. In 1783–4 he worked on the new Commissioner's House and other buildings at Portsmouth dockyard.In late 1786 Telford was appointed County Surveyor for Shropshire and moved to Shrewsbury Castle, with work initially on the new infirmary and County Gaol. He designed the church of St Mary Magdalene, Bridgnorth, and also the church at Madley. Telford built his first bridge in 1790–2 at Montford; between 1790 and 1796 he built forty-five road bridges in Shropshire, including Buildwas Bridge. In September 1793 he was appointed general agent, engineer and architect to the Ellesmere Canal, which was to connect the Mersey and Dee rivers with the Severn at Shrewsbury; William Jessop was Principal Engineer. This work included the Pont Cysyllte aqueduct, a 1,000 ft (305 m) long cast-iron trough 127 ft (39 m) above ground level, which entailed an on-site ironworks and took ten years to complete; the aqueduct is still in use today. In 1800 Telford put forward a plan for a new London Bridge with a single cast-iron arch with a span of 600 ft (183 m) but this was not built.In 1801 Telford was appointed engineer to the British Fisheries Society "to report on Highland Communications" in Scotland where, over the following eighteen years, 920 miles (1,480 km) of new roads were built, 280 miles (450 km) of the old military roads were realigned and rebuilt, over 1,000 bridges were constructed and much harbour work done, all under Telford's direction. A further 180 miles (290 km) of new roads were also constructed in the Lowlands of Scotland. From 1804 to 1822 he was also engaged on the construction of the Caledonian Canal: 119 miles (191 km) in all, 58 miles (93 km) being sea loch, 38 miles (61 km) being Lochs Lochy, Oich and Ness, 23 miles (37 km) having to be cut.In 1808 he was invited by King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden to assist Count Baltzar von Platen in the survey and construction of a canal between the North Sea and the Baltic. Telford surveyed the 114 mile (183 km) route in six weeks; 53 miles (85 km) of new canal were to be cut. Soon after the plans for the canal were completed, the King of Sweden created him a Knight of the Order of Vasa, an honour that he would have liked to have declined. At one time some 60,000 soldiers and seamen were engaged on the work, Telford supplying supervisors, machinery—including an 8 hp steam dredger from the Donkin works and machinery for two small paddle boats—and ironwork for some of the locks. Under his direction an ironworks was set up at Motala, the foundation of an important Swedish industrial concern which is still flourishing today. The Gotha Canal was opened in September 1832.In 1811 Telford was asked to make recommendations for the improvement of the Shrewsbury to Holyhead section of the London-Holyhead road, and in 1815 he was asked to survey the whole route from London for a Parliamentary Committee. Construction of his new road took fifteen years, apart from the bridges at Conway and over the Menai Straits, both suspension bridges by Telford and opened in 1826. The Menai bridge had a span of 579 ft (176 m), the roadway being 153 ft (47 m) above the water level.In 1817 Telford was appointed Engineer to the Exchequer Loan Commission, a body set up to make capital loans for deserving projects in the hard times that followed after the peace of Waterloo. In 1820 he became the first President of the Engineers Institute, which gained its Royal Charter in 1828 to become the Institution of Civil Engineers. He was appointed Engineer to the St Katharine's Dock Company during its construction from 1825 to 1828, and was consulted on several early railway projects including the Liverpool and Manchester as well as a number of canal works in the Midlands including the new Harecastle tunnel, 3,000 ft (914 m) long.Telford led a largely itinerant life, living in hotels and lodgings, acquiring his own house for the first time in 1821, 24 Abingdon Street, Westminster, which was partly used as a school for young civil engineers. He died there in 1834, after suffering in his later years from the isolation of deafness. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRSE 1803. Knight of the Order of Vasa, Sweden 1808. FRS 1827. First President, Engineers Insitute 1820.Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1979, Thomas Telford, London: Penguin.C.Hadfield, 1993, Thomas Telford's Temptation, London: M. \& M.Baldwin.IMcN -
9 Stevens, Robert Livingston
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 18 October 1787 Hoboken, New Jersey, USAd. 20 April 1856 Hoboken, New Jersey, USA[br]American engineer, pioneer of steamboats and railways.[br]R.L.Stevens was the son of John Stevens and was given the technical education his father lacked. He assisted his father with the Little Juliana and the Phoenix, managed the commercial operation of the Phoenix on the Delaware River, and subsequently built many other steamboats.In 1830 he and his brother Edwin A.Stevens obtained a charter from the New Jersey Legislature for the Camden \& Amboy Railroad \& Transportation Company, and he visited Britain to obtain rails and a locomotive. Railway track in the USA then normally comprised longitudinal timber rails with running surfaces of iron straps, but Stevens designed rails of flat-bottom section, which were to become standard, and had the first batch rolled in Wales. He also designed hookheaded spikes for them, and "iron tongues", which became fishplates. From Robert Stephenson \& Co. (see Robert Stephenson) he obtained the locomotive John Bull, which was similar to the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Samson. The Camden \& Amboy Railroad was opened in 1831, but John Bull, a 0–4–0, proved over sensitive to imperfections in the track; Stevens and his mechanic, Isaac Dripps, added a two-wheeled non-swivelling "pilot" at the front to guide it round curves. The locomotive survives at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.[br]Further ReadingH.P.Spratt, 1958, The Birth of the Steamboat, Charles Griffin.J.H.White Jr, 1979, A History of the American Locomotive—Its Development: 1830– 1880, New York: Dover Publications Inc.J.F.Stover, 1961, American Railroads, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.PJGRBiographical history of technology > Stevens, Robert Livingston
-
10 Salt, Sir Titus
[br]b. 20 September 1803 Morley, Yorkshire, Englandd. 29 December 1876 Saltaire, Yorkshire, England[br]English industrialist, social reformer and entrepreneur who made his fortune by overcoming the problems of utilizing alpaca wool in the production of worsted, and established the early model town at Saltaire.[br]Titus Salt arrived in Bradford with his father, who was a wool merchant in the town, in 1822. He soon set up his own company and it was there that he experimented with the textile worsted. Alpaca wool comes from an animal of the camel family that resembles the llama, and flocks of domesticated breeds of the animal had been raised in the high Andes since the days of the Incas. The wool was introduced into Europe via Spain and, later, Germany and France. The first attempts to spin and weave the yarn in England were made in 1808, but despite experimentation over the years the material was difficult to work. It was in 1836 that Salt evolved his method of utilizing a cotton warp with part alpaca weft. The method proved a great success and Bradford gained a reputation as a manufacturing centre for alpaca wool, exporting both yarn and cloth in quantity, especially to the USA. By 1850 Salt, who owned six mills, was Bradford's biggest employer and was certainly its richest citizen. He decided to move out of the city and built a new mill works, the architects of which were Lockwood and Mawson, on the banks of the River Aire a few miles from the city. Around the works, between 1851 and 1871, he built houses, a hospital, library, church, institute and almshouses for his workers. The buildings were solid, good-standard structures of local stone and the houses were pleasantly situated, with their amenities making them seem palaces compared to the slums in which other Bradford textile workers lived at the time. The collection of buildings was the first example in Britain of a "model new town", and was, indeed still is, a remarkable prototype of its kind. Apart from being a philanthropist and social reformer, Salt was also concerned with taking advantage of the technical developments of his time. His mill works, which eventually covered ten acres of land, was of fashionably Italianate architectural style (its chimney even a copy of the campanile of the Church of Santa Maria Gloriosa in Venice), although its structure was of iron framing. The weaving shed held 1,200 looms and had capacity for 3,000 workers, who produced 30,000 yards of cloth per day. Water from the river was used to produce steam to power the matchinery used in the manufacturing processes of scouring, dyeing and finishing. For the export of goods, the nearby Leeds-Liverpool Canal linked the works to Britain's chief ports, and the Midland Railway (an extension of the LeedsBradford line which opened in 1846) was of great use for the same purpose.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCreated Baronet 1869.Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography.Visitors Guide to Salt aire, Bradford City Council.DY
См. также в других словарях:
New Mills — For other uses, see New Mills (disambiguation). Coordinates: 53°22′01″N 2°00′25″W / 53.367°N 2.007°W / 53.367; 2.007 … Wikipedia
West Switzerland Company — The West Switzerland Company (French: Compagnie de l Ouest Suisse, OS) was a railway company in Switzerland, formed 1854 and absorbed into the Western Swiss Railway in 1872. The OS built a railway network in western Switzerland and connected with … Wikipedia
The Oriental Land Company — Oriental Land Group Logo The Oriental Land Company, Limited (株式会社オリエンタルランド, Kabushikigaisha Orientaru Rando?) TYO … Wikipedia
New York Biltmore Hotel — The New York Biltmore Hotel was a luxury hotel in New York City. It was one of three palatial hotels built as part of the Terminal City development. The others were the Commodore Hotel, now the Grand Hyatt New York, and the Roosevelt Hotel, which … Wikipedia
The Bishop's School (Pune) — Infobox HighSchool name = The Bishop s School motto = Be Bishop, Be Thorough established = 1864 type = Private head = Mr.Frank R. Freese city = Pune state = Maharashtra country = flagicon|India India campus = students = 8000+ students faculty =… … Wikipedia
New York Central Railroad — New York Central system as of 1918 Reporting mark NYC … Wikipedia
New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad — Reporting mark NH Locale New York, NY to Boston, MA Dates of operation 1872–1968 … Wikipedia
New York and Ottawa Railway — Locale Tupper Lake, New York to Ottawa, Ontario Dates of operation 1883–sections of track still in use Track gauge 4 ft& … Wikipedia
New York and New England Railroad — Washington Secondary Rail Trail, built over the former Rhode Island portion of the NY NE Locale Boston, MA to New York State Dates of op … Wikipedia
New York City Subway — Top: A number 4 train made up of R142 … Wikipedia
New York and Putnam Railroad — Locale north from New York, NY Dates of operation 1881–1980 Track gauge 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) (standard gauge) … Wikipedia
